This prevalence has more than tripled between 19. As of 31 December 2018, approximately 0.7 million patients (785,883) were under treatment for end-stage renal disease (ESRD – GFR < 15mL/min) in the United States. In a recent study from 2019, the global estimated prevalence of CKD is 13.4%, and the combined effect of cardiovascular risk shows a direct effect on the global burden of morbidity and mortality worldwide. We next consider the potential of using OSM as a therapeutic target, and finally discuss therapeutic agents targeting inflammatory mediators involved in OSM signaling to potentiate successful maturation of the AVF.Ĭhronic kidney disease (CKD) is highly prevalent disease within the US, affecting 1 in 7 adults. In this report, first we critically review the existing literature on the role of OSM in the most common causes of early AVF failure - vascular inflammation, thrombosis, and stenosis. Through inflammation, oxidative stress, and hypoxic conditions, the vascular tissue surrounding the AVF undergoes fibrosis, stenosis, and wall thickening, leading to complete occlusion and nonfunctional. However, the role of oncostatin M (OSM), an inflammatory cytokine, and its downstream targets are not well investigated. The current literature concerning molecular mechanisms associated with AVF maturation failure supports the role of inflammatory mediators involving immune cells and inflammatory cytokines. However, AVFs commonly fail to mature, leading to the fistula closure, the necessity for another fistula site, and markedly increased morbidity and mortality. Maturation of the AVF is required to allow for successful dialysis. To facilitate filtration of patient’s blood in dialysis, surgical formation of an arteriovenous fistula (AVF) is commonly performed. End-stage renal disease is a crippling diagnosis that generally requires dialysis to prolong life.
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